A higher number of cells that expressed Orx was observed in the LH/DMH/PFA at both intermediate and protracted abstinence. At protracted abstinence, however, the priming effect of OrxA was absent. Orexin A administration in the pPVT induced cocaine-seeking behavior after intermediate abstinence, as reported previously. Furthermore, to better understand whether a history of cocaine dependence affects the Orx system-particularly the hypothalamic Orx↔pPVT connection-the number of Orx-expressing cells in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and perifornical area (PFA) and number of orexin receptor 1 (OrxR1)- and OrxR2-expressing cells in the pPVT were quantified. Considering the long-lasting nature of drug-seeking behavior, the present study examined whether the priming effect of intra-pPVT OrxA administration was preserved after a period of protracted abstinence (4–5 weeks) in rats that self-administered cocaine under LgA conditions. Using an established model of cocaine dependence (i.e., long access to cocaine), we previously showed that OrxA injections in the posterior PVT (pPVT) reinstated extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats after an intermediate period of abstinence (2–3 weeks). Hypothalamic orexin (Orx) projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) have received growing interest because of their role in drug-seeking behavior.
As part of a reintroduction project some have been released in protected national parks.ĭid you Know: it is thought that the Oryx is the cause of the unicorn myth. Private collections including the United Arab and Game hunting ranches in the United States estimates about 5000 more captive individuals.
2005 it was estimated around 1,500 individual animals were being managed in the program.
In the 1960's a global breeding program was initiated. Males being larger weigh 300-460 pounds and up to 4 feet tall at the shoulders.Ĭonservation: Over hunting, habitat loss and competing with domestic livestock are believed to be the reason for the wild extinction of this animal. females range from 200-320 pounds and stand around 3 feet tall at the shoulders. Both male and females have horns but differ in size with males being slightly larger. They have a network of fine blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the brain, passing close to the nasal passage and thus allowing the blood to cool by up to 5 ☏ (3 ☌) before reaching the brain, which is one of the most heat-sensitive organs of the body. They can tolerate high temperatures that would be lethal to most mammals. Habitat and Range: primarily inhabits sub-deserts in North AfricaĬaptive/Wild Lifespan: up to 20 years in captivity, there is no data collected on wild lifespans.ĭiet: eat grasses, herbs, juicy roots, and budsĪdaptations: The large, spread hooves are well-adapted and allow these Antelopes to walk on the sand of their dry habitat.
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